Sumbangan Tradisi Barat dan Islam Terhadap Idea Masyarakat Sivil Contributions of Western and Islamic Traditions to the Idea of Civil Society
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Published:
Dec 31, 2020
Keywords:
Discourse analysis; Western; philosophies; Islam; civil society.
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Abstract
The concept of civil society today is strongly influenced by the idea of liberalism which values individual freedom and autonomy. The main takeaway from this idea is that the role of the state, religion, and family must be minimized to ensure that the freedom and rights of individuals are achieved. Nevertheless, problems such as global warming and moral collapse indicate that without the role of nation, religion, and family, such problems would not be able to be curbed properly. The objective of this article is to highlight these three aspects from the perspectives of two traditions of thinking on the concept of civil society, namely the Western tradition and Islamic tradition. The method used is discourse analysis based on secondary data to understand the intellectualism and dynamism of these two traditional lines. This article emphasizes that the concept of Western civil society, which is deeply obsessed with anti-state approaches and intermediaries separating the role of religion, must be revisited. Accordingly, the role of the state, religion, and family in the concept of civil society needs to be reconstructed.
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Tumin, M., & Che Soh, M. (2020). Sumbangan Tradisi Barat dan Islam Terhadap Idea Masyarakat Sivil: Contributions of Western and Islamic Traditions to the Idea of Civil Society. Afkar: Jurnal Akidah Dan Pemikiran Islam, 22(2), 77–118. https://doi.org/10.22452/afkar.vol22no2.3
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References
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Al-Māwardī. Al-Aḥkām al-Sulṭāniyyah wa al-Wilāyāt al-Dīniyyah. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1996.
Mill, John Stuart. On Liberty. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Naji al-Takriti. Yahya Ibn ‘Adi: A Critical Edition and Study of his Tahdhib al Akhlaq. Paris: Editions Oueida, 1978.
Okin, Susan Moller. Women in Western Political Thought. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013.
Plato. Republic. Turkey: eKitap Projesi, 2015.
Putnam, Robert D., “Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital,” Journal of Democracy 6(1) (1995): 65-78.
Rawls, John. The Theory of Justice. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2009.
Rousseau, Jean Jacques. Discourse on Political Economy and the Social Contract. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Rousseau, Jean Jacques. Discourse on the Origin of Inequality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Sandel, Michel. Justice: What's the Right Thing to Do. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux Inc, 2009.
Shapiro, Ian. Democratic Justice. Yale: Yale University Press, 1999.
Smith, Adam. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. London: Penguin Classics, 2010.
Smith, Adam. Wealth of Nations. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Limited, 2012.
Sullivan, Dennis Joseph dan Sana Abed-Kotob. Islam in Contemporary Egypt: Civil Society vs. the State. Boulder. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999.
Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America 10. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2003.
Al-Tūsī, Nasir al-Din. Sharh al-Ishārāt. Oxford: The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Philosophy, 2016.
Wiess. L. Meredith dan Hassan, Saliha, eds. Social Movements in Malaysia: From Moral Communities to NGOs. London: Routledge, 2003.
Yilmaz, Ihsan, “State, Law, Civil Society and Islam in Contemporary Turkey,” The Muslim World 95(3) (2005): 23-37.
Ariffin, Syamsul, “Masyarakat Madani: Bingkai Keadaban bagi Masyarakat Indonesia Ynag Demokratis-Pluralistik”, Titik-temu Jurnal Dialog Peradaban 1(2) (2009), 53-71.
Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Kitchener: Batoche Books, 1999.
Aristotle. Politics. New York: Arno Press, 1973.
Black, Anthony. History of Islamic Political Thought from the Prophet to the Present. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011.
Chandhoke, Neera. “Civil Society in India.” Dalam The Oxford Handbook of Civil Society, ed. Michael Edwards. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011: 171-180.
Culla, Adi Suryadi. Masyarakat Madani. Jakarta: Pt Raja Grafindo Persada, 1999.
De Lue, Steven M. dan Dale, Timothy M. Political Thinking, Political Theory, and Civil Society. New York: Routledge, 2017.
Dunn, Elizabeth dan Hann, Chris, ed. Civil Society: Challenging Western Models. UK: Psychology Press Ltd., 1996.
Edwards, Michael. Civil Society (4th edition). Ohio: Polity Press, 2020.
Ehrenberg, John. The Critical History of an Idea. New York: New York University Press, 2017.
Al-Fārābī, Mabādi’ Ārā’ Ahl al-Madīnah al-Fāḍilah. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.
Ferguson, Adam. An Essay on the History of Civil Society. Fairford, GL: Echo Library, 2007.
Gellner, Ernest. Conditions of Liberty: Civil Society and its Rivals. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1994.
Ghannouchi, Rachid. “The Participation of Islamists in a non-Islamic Government.” Dalam Power Sharing of Islam, ed. Azzam Tamimi. London: Liberty for Muslim World Publication, 1993: 51-63.
Al-Ghazālī. Book for Counsel for Kings: Nasihat al-Mulk, diedit oleh H.I. Jalal Huma’i, H.D. Isaacs & terj. F. Bagley. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964.
Al-Ghazālī. Ihya’ ‘Ulum al-Din: The Revival of the Religious Sciences. Petaling Jaya: Islamic Book Trust, 2015.
Gramsci, Antonio. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1971.
Habermas, Jurgen. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1991.
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, Arnold Vincent Miller & John Niemeyer Findlay. Phenomenology of Spirit. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977.
Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Limited, 2014.
Huang, Philip C. C., “Public Sphere/Civil Society in China?: The Third Realm between State and Society,” Modern China 19(2) (1993): 216-240.
Ibn Khaldūn. Muqaddimah (Prolegomena), ed. Quatremere, terj. Franz Rosenthal. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, I967.
Ibn Rushd, Commentary on Plato’s Republic, ed. dan terj. E. I. J. Rosenthal, Averroes’ Commentary on Plato's Republic. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, I966.
Ibn Rushd. Averroes on Plato’s Republic trans. Ralph Lerner. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1974.
Ibn Sina. Kitāb al-Shifā’. Mesir: Maktabah Samahah Ayatillah al-‘Uzma, 2012.
Ibn Taymiyyah. The Book on the Government of the Religious Law (al-Kitab al-Siyasah al-shar‘iyyah), sel. trans. in Laoust I939, pp. 587ff.
Idris Zakaria. Ikhtisar Pemikiran Politik Islam Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2019.
Isidoro, Talavera. The Impossibility of a Civil Society. Ohio: Franklin University, 2006.
Kamali, Masoud, “Civil Society and Islam: A Sociological Perspective,” European Journal of Sociology/Archives Européennes de Sociologie/Europäisches Archiv für Soziologie 42(3) (2001): 457-482.
Kamali, Masoud, Multiple Modernities, Civil Society and Islam: The Case of Iran and Turkey. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2006.
Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals. Yale: Yale University Press, 2002.
Khatib, Lina, "Political Participation and Democratic Transition in the Arab World," U. Pa. J. Int'l L 34(2) (2012): 315-340.
Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Nurcholish Madjid, “Mewujudkan Masyarakat Madani di Era Reformasi,” Titik-temu Jurnal Dialog Peradaban 1-2 (2009): 15-30.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theology. Notradame: Univeristy of Notradem Press, 1981.
Makmor Tumin. Asas Teologi dan Falsafah Politik Muslim. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya, 2019.
Makmor Tumin. Pemikiran Politik dan Ekonomi Barat. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya, 2018.
Marx, Karl. Manifesto of Communist Party. Florida: University of Central Florida, 1959.
Al-Māwardī. Al-Aḥkām al-Sulṭāniyyah wa al-Wilāyāt al-Dīniyyah. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1996.
Mill, John Stuart. On Liberty. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Naji al-Takriti. Yahya Ibn ‘Adi: A Critical Edition and Study of his Tahdhib al Akhlaq. Paris: Editions Oueida, 1978.
Okin, Susan Moller. Women in Western Political Thought. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013.
Plato. Republic. Turkey: eKitap Projesi, 2015.
Putnam, Robert D., “Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital,” Journal of Democracy 6(1) (1995): 65-78.
Rawls, John. The Theory of Justice. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2009.
Rousseau, Jean Jacques. Discourse on Political Economy and the Social Contract. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Rousseau, Jean Jacques. Discourse on the Origin of Inequality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Sandel, Michel. Justice: What's the Right Thing to Do. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux Inc, 2009.
Shapiro, Ian. Democratic Justice. Yale: Yale University Press, 1999.
Smith, Adam. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. London: Penguin Classics, 2010.
Smith, Adam. Wealth of Nations. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Limited, 2012.
Sullivan, Dennis Joseph dan Sana Abed-Kotob. Islam in Contemporary Egypt: Civil Society vs. the State. Boulder. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999.
Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America 10. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2003.
Al-Tūsī, Nasir al-Din. Sharh al-Ishārāt. Oxford: The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Philosophy, 2016.
Wiess. L. Meredith dan Hassan, Saliha, eds. Social Movements in Malaysia: From Moral Communities to NGOs. London: Routledge, 2003.
Yilmaz, Ihsan, “State, Law, Civil Society and Islam in Contemporary Turkey,” The Muslim World 95(3) (2005): 23-37.