المدّ الشيعي في البلدان الإسلامية: دراسة في الغايات والأساليب والآثار The Purposes, Methods and Impacts of Shiite Doctrines’ Expansion in Islamic Countries
Main Article Content
Abstract
The study discusses the Shiite doctrinal movement in terms of history, statehood, religion and sect. It will explain the influence of the movement in Islamic countries as well as the efforts made to spread the doctrine based on the authority of religious leaders and try to re-map the influence of the Shiite sect in Islamic countries. Researchers use descriptive analysis methodology to explain the doctrinal expansion. The study found that this movement used media and money to divide political stability of the Islamic countries. The theory of the Iranian Revolution, Umm al-QurÄ and Imam al-Mahdi were also used to spread Shiite influence in Islamic countries.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Article Details
How to Cite
Abdo Amer, A. M. M., & Abdo Amer, E. A. (2020). المدّ الشيعي في البلدان الإسلامية: دراسة في الغايات والأساليب والآثار: The Purposes, Methods and Impacts of Shiite Doctrines’ Expansion in Islamic Countries. Afkar: Jurnal Akidah Dan Pemikiran Islam, 223–260. https://doi.org/10.22452/afkar.sp2020no2.8
Section
Article
References
‘Abd Allah, ‘Ādil ‘Alī. Muḥarrikāt al-Siyāsah al-Fārisiyyah fī Minṭaqah al-Khalīj al-‘Arabī. n.p: Markaz al-Tanwīr li al-Dirāsāt, 2008.
Abū Yu‘lā, Aḥmad bin ‘Alī bin al-Muthnā. Musnad Abī Yu‘lā, 1st ed, ed. Husayn Salīm Asad. Damascus: Dār al-Ma’mūn li al-Turāth, 1984.
‘Alā’ al-Sa‘īd, “Al-Mukhaṭṭaṭ al-Īrānī li Nashr al-Tashayyu‘,” Al-Haqā’iq al-Ghā’ibah, http://fnoor.com/main/articles.aspx?article_no=20722#.Xz3Dp8gzZPY
‘Arabī, Muḥammad. Al-Tanāfus al-Turkī al-Īrānī ‘alā Manāṭiq al-Nufūdz fī Minṭaqah al-Sharq al-Awsaṭ 1996-2014. Algeria: Jami‘ah Muḥammad Khiḍr, 2015.
“Al-Mustaqillah al-Faḍa’iyyah”, Muḥarram 1428H, https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmhOMpf6HXnFkUm6KJeKByg
“Amthilah min Jarā’im A’immah al-Zaydiyyah fī Ahl al-Yaman,” Al-Difā‘ ‘an al-Sunnah, http://www.dd sunnah.net/forum/showthread.php?t=134558
AlMeshkat, “Shī‘ah al-Sa‘ūdiyyah,” al-Mishkāh al-Islāmiyyah, November 2011, http://www.almeshkat.net/vb/showthread.php?t=81606
Al-‘Atībī, Sulṭān bin Barrāk bin ‘Āyiḍ. “Al-Ḥiththīyūn bayn al-Zaydiyyah wa al-Rawāfiḍ.” Master Dissertation, Jāmiah al-Madīnah, Kulliyyah al-‘Ulūm al-Islāmiyyah, 2001.
Al-Jazīrah al-Qatariyyah., http://www.aljazeera.net/news/arabic/2016/10/28/
Amīn, Aḥmad. Fajr al-Islām, 10th ed. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-‘Arabī Mawsū‘ah Aḥmad Amīn al-Islāmiyyah, 1969.
Faiṣal Nūr, “al-Haqā’iq al-Ghā’ibah.”, Fnoor.com, http://www.fnoor.com/main/articles.aspx?article_no=10716#.WKPVoNKGPcs
Fawzī, Fārūq ‘Umar. Al-Khomeiniyyah wa Ṣilatuhā bi Ḥarakāt al-Ghuluww al-Fārisiyyah wa bi al-Irth al-Bāṭinī. n.p: Manshūrāt al-Mu’tamar al-Islāmī al-Sha‘bī, 2001.
Al-Gharīb, ‘Abd Allah Muḥammad. Wijā’ Dawr al-Majūs, 1st ed. Egypt: Maktabah al-Riḍwān, 2005.
Al-Ghazālī al-Ṭūsī, Abū Ḥāmid, Muḥammad bin Muḥammad. Faḍā’iḥ al-Bāṭiniyyah, ed. ‘Abd al-Raḥmān Badawī. Kuwait: Mu’asasah Dār al-Kutub al-Thāqafiyyah, n.d.
Al-Haytham, Za‘fān. Al-Madd al-Shī‘ī fī Misr Āliyyāt al-Taghalghul wa Ṭarā’iq al-Mudāfa‘ah. Egypt: Markaz al-Istiqāmah li al-Dirāsāt al-Istirātījiyyah, 2013.
Al-Himām, ‘Abd Allah, “al-Dawlah al-Ṣafawiyyah bayn al-Ṭā’ifah wa al-‘Ummālah,” al-Forqan, http://www.al-forqan.net/files/139.html
Hudā al-Mālikī. Al-Hūthiyyūn al-Nash’ah al-‘Aqīdah al-Ahdāf. Mecca: Jāmi‘ah Umm al-Qurā, n.d.
Ibn Taymiyyah, Taqi al-Dīn Abū al-‘Abbās Aḥmad bin ‘Abd al-Ḥalīm. Minhāj al-Sunnah al-Nabawiyyah, 1st ed, ed. Muḥammad Rasyād Sālim. Riyadh: Jāmi‘ah al-Imām Muḥammad bin Sa‘ūd al-Islāmiyyah, 1986.
Ilyās, Firās, “al-Jiūbūlītīk al-Shī‘ī wa al-Mukhayyalah al-Jiūstrātījiyyah al-Īrāniyyah,” Al-Jazeera, https://studies.aljazeera.net/ar/reports/2019/12/191205103235122.html
Jensen, Loyd. Tafsīr al-Siyāsah al-Khārijiyyah, trans. by Muḥammad Aḥmad Muftī. Riyadh: ‘Imādah Shu’ūn al-Maktabāt Jāmi‘ah al-Malik Sa‘ūd, 1989.
Al-Kasshāfī, Ḍiyā’ al-Dīn. Al-Shī‘ah Shāhidīn ‘alā Anfusihim bi al-Kufr. n.p: n.p, n.d.
Al-Kayyalī, ‘Abd al-Wahhāb. Mawsū‘ah al-Siyāsah. Beirut: Dār al-Hudā li al-Nashr wa al-Tawzi‘, al-Mu’assasah al-‘Arabiyyah li al-Dirāsāt wa al-Nashr, n.d.
Al-Kulaynī, Muḥammad bin Ya‘qūb. Usūl al-Kāfī, 1st ed. Beirut: Manshūrāt al-Fajr, 2007.
Khalīfah, Nabīl. Istihdāf Ahl al-Sunnah man Yataza‘am al-‘Ālam al-‘Arabī al-Islāmiyyah al-Sa‘ūdiyyah am Īrān, al-Mukhaṭṭaṭ al-Istirātījī li al-Gharb wa Isrāīl wa Īrān li al-Sayṭarah ‘alā al-Sharq al-Awsaṭ wa Iqtilā‘ al-Nufūdz al-Sunnī min hunna. n.p: Markaz Byblos li al-Dirāsāt wa al-Abhāth, 2014.
Khawjah, Muḥammad ‘Iṣṣām Akbar. “Al-Akhṭār al-Latī Tuwājih Tawāzun al-Quwā al-Iqlīmī fī Manṭiqah al-Khalīj al-‘Arabī min ‘Ām 1990 ilā ‘Ām 2009.” Master Dissertation, Jāmi‘ah Mu’tah, fī al-‘Alāqāt al-Dawliyyah Qism al-Ulūm al-Siyāsah, Jordan.
Al-Lālikā’ī, Abū al-Qāsim Hibah Allah bin al-Ḥasan bin Manṣūr al-Ṭabarī al-Rāzī. Sharh Usūl I‘tiqād Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamā‘ah, 8th ed, ed. Aḥmad bin Sa‘ad bin Ḥamdān al-Ghāmidī. Saudi Arabia: Dār Ṭayyibah, 2003.
Lārijānī, Muḥammad Jawād. Maqulāt fī al-Istirātījiyyah al-Waṭaniyyah Sharh Naẓariyyah Umm al-Qurā al-Shī‘iyyah, translated by Nabīl ‘Alī al-‘Utūm. Mecca: Dār al-Dirāsāt al-‘Ilmiyyah li al-Nashr wa al-Tawzī‘, 2013.
Al-Maḥlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir. Baḥr al-Anwār al-Jāmi‘ah li Durur Akhbār al-A’immah al-Aṭhār. Iran: Ihyā’ al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah, n.d.
Majallah al-Bayān, “Al-Khuṭṭah al-Īrāniyyah al-Khamsīniyyah fī Nihāyah ‘Aqdihā al-Thānī,” Nūr Sunniyyah, https://syrianoor.net/article/962
Majmū‘ah min al-Bāḥithīn. Al-Hūthiyyah fī al-Yaman al-Aṭmā‘ al-Madhhabiyyah fī Ẓill al-Taḥawwulāt al-Dawliyyah. Sanaa: Markaz al-Jazīrah al-‘Arabiyyah li al-Dirāsāt wa al-Buhūth al-Insāniyyah, 2008.
Al-Makkī, Muḥammad Yūsuf Bayt. Taqrīr ‘an Maẓālim al-Shī‘ah fī Pakistan, trans. by Muḥammad ‘Alīm Shāh. Pakistan: Dār al-Nashr al-Islāmiyyah al-‘Ālamiyyah, n.d.
Markaz al-Khalīj al-‘Arabī li al-Dirāsāt, “Majallah al-Dirāsāt al-Īrāniyyah Dirāsāt wa Abḥāth ‘Ilmiyyah Mutakhaṣṣiṣah,” December 20, n.d.
Al-Mūṣallī, ‘Abd Allah. Haqīqah al-Shī‘ah ḥattā Lā Nankhadi‘. n.p: Dār al-Īmān li al-Ṭibā‘ah wa al-Nashr, 2002.
Al-Musawī, Mūsā. Al-Thawrah al-Bā’isah. n.p: Maktab al-Iskandariyyah, 2007.
Al-Mūsī, Ṣabāḥ et. al. Al-Mashrū‘ al-Īrānī fī al-Mintaqah al-‘Arabiyyah wa al-Islāmiyyah, 2nd ed. n.p: Markaz Umayyah li al-Buhūth wa al-Dirāsāt al-Istirātījiyyah, 2014.
Muntadā al-Alūkah, http://majles.alukah.net.
Al-Qaffārī, Nāṣir bin ‘Abd Allah bin ‘Alī. “Usūl Madhhab al-Shī‘ah al-Imāmiyyah al-Ithna ‘Ashriyyah.” PhD Thesis, Riyadh: Jāmi‘ah al-Imām Muḥammad bin Sa‘ūd, 1994.
Al-Qaffārī, Nāṣir bin ‘Abd Allah, “Al-Khuṭṭah al-Sirriyyah li al-Shī‘ah al-Ṣafawiyyah Tijāh al-Ḥaramayn al-Sharīfayn,” Albayan, http://www.albayan.co.uk/mobile/MGZarticle2.aspx?ID=4722
Rāshid, ‘Umar Khalīfah, “Aḍwā’ ‘alā al-Mashrū‘ al-Ṣafawī al-Īrānī,” Al-Munāṣahah. https://www.omarblog.com.
Riḍwān, Aḥmad. “Wujūd al-Shi‘ah fī Indonesia.” Master Dissertation, Jāmi‘ah al-Madīnah Kulliyah al-‘Ulūm al-Islāmiyyah, 2013.
Rifa’at, Maḥmūd. “Malālī Qum wa Tehran ‘alā A‘tāb al-Baḥr al-Mutawassiṭ,” Iran Post, 2017, http://iranpost.org/public/resources/journal/220735274_44.
Al-Sa‘d, ‘Abd Allah bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmān, “al-Hūthiyyūn wa Bayān Khaṭarihim ‘alā al-Ummah.” Al-Mishkāh al-Islāmiyyah, Almeshkat, http://www.almeshkat.com/book/10399.
Al-Sayyid Abū Dawud. Taṣā‘ud al-Madd al-Īrānī fī al-‘Ālam al-‘Arabī. Saudi Arabia: Maktabah al-‘Ubaykān, 2014.
Al-Sayyid Muḥammad ‘Alī al-Ḥulw. ‘Alāmah al-Ẓuhūr Jidaliyyah Ṣirā‘ am Taḥaddiyyah Mustaqil. Najaf: Markaz al-Dirāsāt al-Takhaṣṣuṣiyyah fī al-Imām al-Mahdī, n.d.
Al-Shamrānī, Zahrah. “Al-Tashayyu‘ al-Fārisī wa Mawqifuh min al-Mukhālifīn”. Mecca: Master Dissertation. Jāmi‘ah Umm al-Qurā, 2012.
Al-Sharīf, Mundhir bin ‘Abd Allah. Al-Mukhaṭṭaṭ al-Ijrāmī li ‘Ibādah Ummah al-Islām, 1st ed. Egypt: Maktabah ‘Abd al-Raḥmān, 2008.
Al-Shawkānī, Muḥammad bin ‘Alī bin Muḥammad bin ‘Abd Allah. Adab al-Ṭalb wa Muntahā al-Adab, 1st ed, ed. ‘Abd Allah Yaḥyā al-Sarīḥī. Beirut: Dār Ibn Hazm, 1998.
Al-Shawkānī, Muḥammad bin ‘Alī bin Muḥammad bin ‘Abd Allah. Al-Badr al-Ṭāli‘ bi Maḥāsin min ba‘d al-Qarn al-Sābi‘. Beirut: Dār al-Ma‘rifah, n.d.
Al-Ṭabrānī, Sulaymān bin Aḥmad bin Ayyūb bin Maṭīr al-Lakhmī al-Shāmī. Al-Mu‘jam al-Kabīr, 1st ed, ed. Hamdī al-Salafī. Riyadh: Dār al-Ṣamī‘ī, 1994.
Tāhā, Aḥmad. Ḥarb Lubnān wa al-Khaṭar al-Shī‘ī al-Qādim Ru’yah Shar‘iyyah wa Siyāsah. n.p.: Ummatī li al-Nashr al-Iliktarūnī, 2006.
Yūsuf, Muḥammad Bassam. Al-Mashrū‘ al-Īrānī al-Ṣafawī al-Fārisī Muqaddimātuh Aṭārahu Wasā’il al-Taṣaddī lah, 1st ed. n.p: n.p, n.d.
Al-Zaghbī, Muḥammad Jād. Al-Khomeini Kabīruhum al-Ladhī ‘Allamahum al-Siḥr, 1st ed. Wakālah al-‘Izz li al-Di‘āyah wa al-I‘lān, 2010.
Abū Yu‘lā, Aḥmad bin ‘Alī bin al-Muthnā. Musnad Abī Yu‘lā, 1st ed, ed. Husayn Salīm Asad. Damascus: Dār al-Ma’mūn li al-Turāth, 1984.
‘Alā’ al-Sa‘īd, “Al-Mukhaṭṭaṭ al-Īrānī li Nashr al-Tashayyu‘,” Al-Haqā’iq al-Ghā’ibah, http://fnoor.com/main/articles.aspx?article_no=20722#.Xz3Dp8gzZPY
‘Arabī, Muḥammad. Al-Tanāfus al-Turkī al-Īrānī ‘alā Manāṭiq al-Nufūdz fī Minṭaqah al-Sharq al-Awsaṭ 1996-2014. Algeria: Jami‘ah Muḥammad Khiḍr, 2015.
“Al-Mustaqillah al-Faḍa’iyyah”, Muḥarram 1428H, https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmhOMpf6HXnFkUm6KJeKByg
“Amthilah min Jarā’im A’immah al-Zaydiyyah fī Ahl al-Yaman,” Al-Difā‘ ‘an al-Sunnah, http://www.dd sunnah.net/forum/showthread.php?t=134558
AlMeshkat, “Shī‘ah al-Sa‘ūdiyyah,” al-Mishkāh al-Islāmiyyah, November 2011, http://www.almeshkat.net/vb/showthread.php?t=81606
Al-‘Atībī, Sulṭān bin Barrāk bin ‘Āyiḍ. “Al-Ḥiththīyūn bayn al-Zaydiyyah wa al-Rawāfiḍ.” Master Dissertation, Jāmiah al-Madīnah, Kulliyyah al-‘Ulūm al-Islāmiyyah, 2001.
Al-Jazīrah al-Qatariyyah., http://www.aljazeera.net/news/arabic/2016/10/28/
Amīn, Aḥmad. Fajr al-Islām, 10th ed. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-‘Arabī Mawsū‘ah Aḥmad Amīn al-Islāmiyyah, 1969.
Faiṣal Nūr, “al-Haqā’iq al-Ghā’ibah.”, Fnoor.com, http://www.fnoor.com/main/articles.aspx?article_no=10716#.WKPVoNKGPcs
Fawzī, Fārūq ‘Umar. Al-Khomeiniyyah wa Ṣilatuhā bi Ḥarakāt al-Ghuluww al-Fārisiyyah wa bi al-Irth al-Bāṭinī. n.p: Manshūrāt al-Mu’tamar al-Islāmī al-Sha‘bī, 2001.
Al-Gharīb, ‘Abd Allah Muḥammad. Wijā’ Dawr al-Majūs, 1st ed. Egypt: Maktabah al-Riḍwān, 2005.
Al-Ghazālī al-Ṭūsī, Abū Ḥāmid, Muḥammad bin Muḥammad. Faḍā’iḥ al-Bāṭiniyyah, ed. ‘Abd al-Raḥmān Badawī. Kuwait: Mu’asasah Dār al-Kutub al-Thāqafiyyah, n.d.
Al-Haytham, Za‘fān. Al-Madd al-Shī‘ī fī Misr Āliyyāt al-Taghalghul wa Ṭarā’iq al-Mudāfa‘ah. Egypt: Markaz al-Istiqāmah li al-Dirāsāt al-Istirātījiyyah, 2013.
Al-Himām, ‘Abd Allah, “al-Dawlah al-Ṣafawiyyah bayn al-Ṭā’ifah wa al-‘Ummālah,” al-Forqan, http://www.al-forqan.net/files/139.html
Hudā al-Mālikī. Al-Hūthiyyūn al-Nash’ah al-‘Aqīdah al-Ahdāf. Mecca: Jāmi‘ah Umm al-Qurā, n.d.
Ibn Taymiyyah, Taqi al-Dīn Abū al-‘Abbās Aḥmad bin ‘Abd al-Ḥalīm. Minhāj al-Sunnah al-Nabawiyyah, 1st ed, ed. Muḥammad Rasyād Sālim. Riyadh: Jāmi‘ah al-Imām Muḥammad bin Sa‘ūd al-Islāmiyyah, 1986.
Ilyās, Firās, “al-Jiūbūlītīk al-Shī‘ī wa al-Mukhayyalah al-Jiūstrātījiyyah al-Īrāniyyah,” Al-Jazeera, https://studies.aljazeera.net/ar/reports/2019/12/191205103235122.html
Jensen, Loyd. Tafsīr al-Siyāsah al-Khārijiyyah, trans. by Muḥammad Aḥmad Muftī. Riyadh: ‘Imādah Shu’ūn al-Maktabāt Jāmi‘ah al-Malik Sa‘ūd, 1989.
Al-Kasshāfī, Ḍiyā’ al-Dīn. Al-Shī‘ah Shāhidīn ‘alā Anfusihim bi al-Kufr. n.p: n.p, n.d.
Al-Kayyalī, ‘Abd al-Wahhāb. Mawsū‘ah al-Siyāsah. Beirut: Dār al-Hudā li al-Nashr wa al-Tawzi‘, al-Mu’assasah al-‘Arabiyyah li al-Dirāsāt wa al-Nashr, n.d.
Al-Kulaynī, Muḥammad bin Ya‘qūb. Usūl al-Kāfī, 1st ed. Beirut: Manshūrāt al-Fajr, 2007.
Khalīfah, Nabīl. Istihdāf Ahl al-Sunnah man Yataza‘am al-‘Ālam al-‘Arabī al-Islāmiyyah al-Sa‘ūdiyyah am Īrān, al-Mukhaṭṭaṭ al-Istirātījī li al-Gharb wa Isrāīl wa Īrān li al-Sayṭarah ‘alā al-Sharq al-Awsaṭ wa Iqtilā‘ al-Nufūdz al-Sunnī min hunna. n.p: Markaz Byblos li al-Dirāsāt wa al-Abhāth, 2014.
Khawjah, Muḥammad ‘Iṣṣām Akbar. “Al-Akhṭār al-Latī Tuwājih Tawāzun al-Quwā al-Iqlīmī fī Manṭiqah al-Khalīj al-‘Arabī min ‘Ām 1990 ilā ‘Ām 2009.” Master Dissertation, Jāmi‘ah Mu’tah, fī al-‘Alāqāt al-Dawliyyah Qism al-Ulūm al-Siyāsah, Jordan.
Al-Lālikā’ī, Abū al-Qāsim Hibah Allah bin al-Ḥasan bin Manṣūr al-Ṭabarī al-Rāzī. Sharh Usūl I‘tiqād Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamā‘ah, 8th ed, ed. Aḥmad bin Sa‘ad bin Ḥamdān al-Ghāmidī. Saudi Arabia: Dār Ṭayyibah, 2003.
Lārijānī, Muḥammad Jawād. Maqulāt fī al-Istirātījiyyah al-Waṭaniyyah Sharh Naẓariyyah Umm al-Qurā al-Shī‘iyyah, translated by Nabīl ‘Alī al-‘Utūm. Mecca: Dār al-Dirāsāt al-‘Ilmiyyah li al-Nashr wa al-Tawzī‘, 2013.
Al-Maḥlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir. Baḥr al-Anwār al-Jāmi‘ah li Durur Akhbār al-A’immah al-Aṭhār. Iran: Ihyā’ al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah, n.d.
Majallah al-Bayān, “Al-Khuṭṭah al-Īrāniyyah al-Khamsīniyyah fī Nihāyah ‘Aqdihā al-Thānī,” Nūr Sunniyyah, https://syrianoor.net/article/962
Majmū‘ah min al-Bāḥithīn. Al-Hūthiyyah fī al-Yaman al-Aṭmā‘ al-Madhhabiyyah fī Ẓill al-Taḥawwulāt al-Dawliyyah. Sanaa: Markaz al-Jazīrah al-‘Arabiyyah li al-Dirāsāt wa al-Buhūth al-Insāniyyah, 2008.
Al-Makkī, Muḥammad Yūsuf Bayt. Taqrīr ‘an Maẓālim al-Shī‘ah fī Pakistan, trans. by Muḥammad ‘Alīm Shāh. Pakistan: Dār al-Nashr al-Islāmiyyah al-‘Ālamiyyah, n.d.
Markaz al-Khalīj al-‘Arabī li al-Dirāsāt, “Majallah al-Dirāsāt al-Īrāniyyah Dirāsāt wa Abḥāth ‘Ilmiyyah Mutakhaṣṣiṣah,” December 20, n.d.
Al-Mūṣallī, ‘Abd Allah. Haqīqah al-Shī‘ah ḥattā Lā Nankhadi‘. n.p: Dār al-Īmān li al-Ṭibā‘ah wa al-Nashr, 2002.
Al-Musawī, Mūsā. Al-Thawrah al-Bā’isah. n.p: Maktab al-Iskandariyyah, 2007.
Al-Mūsī, Ṣabāḥ et. al. Al-Mashrū‘ al-Īrānī fī al-Mintaqah al-‘Arabiyyah wa al-Islāmiyyah, 2nd ed. n.p: Markaz Umayyah li al-Buhūth wa al-Dirāsāt al-Istirātījiyyah, 2014.
Muntadā al-Alūkah, http://majles.alukah.net.
Al-Qaffārī, Nāṣir bin ‘Abd Allah bin ‘Alī. “Usūl Madhhab al-Shī‘ah al-Imāmiyyah al-Ithna ‘Ashriyyah.” PhD Thesis, Riyadh: Jāmi‘ah al-Imām Muḥammad bin Sa‘ūd, 1994.
Al-Qaffārī, Nāṣir bin ‘Abd Allah, “Al-Khuṭṭah al-Sirriyyah li al-Shī‘ah al-Ṣafawiyyah Tijāh al-Ḥaramayn al-Sharīfayn,” Albayan, http://www.albayan.co.uk/mobile/MGZarticle2.aspx?ID=4722
Rāshid, ‘Umar Khalīfah, “Aḍwā’ ‘alā al-Mashrū‘ al-Ṣafawī al-Īrānī,” Al-Munāṣahah. https://www.omarblog.com.
Riḍwān, Aḥmad. “Wujūd al-Shi‘ah fī Indonesia.” Master Dissertation, Jāmi‘ah al-Madīnah Kulliyah al-‘Ulūm al-Islāmiyyah, 2013.
Rifa’at, Maḥmūd. “Malālī Qum wa Tehran ‘alā A‘tāb al-Baḥr al-Mutawassiṭ,” Iran Post, 2017, http://iranpost.org/public/resources/journal/220735274_44.
Al-Sa‘d, ‘Abd Allah bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmān, “al-Hūthiyyūn wa Bayān Khaṭarihim ‘alā al-Ummah.” Al-Mishkāh al-Islāmiyyah, Almeshkat, http://www.almeshkat.com/book/10399.
Al-Sayyid Abū Dawud. Taṣā‘ud al-Madd al-Īrānī fī al-‘Ālam al-‘Arabī. Saudi Arabia: Maktabah al-‘Ubaykān, 2014.
Al-Sayyid Muḥammad ‘Alī al-Ḥulw. ‘Alāmah al-Ẓuhūr Jidaliyyah Ṣirā‘ am Taḥaddiyyah Mustaqil. Najaf: Markaz al-Dirāsāt al-Takhaṣṣuṣiyyah fī al-Imām al-Mahdī, n.d.
Al-Shamrānī, Zahrah. “Al-Tashayyu‘ al-Fārisī wa Mawqifuh min al-Mukhālifīn”. Mecca: Master Dissertation. Jāmi‘ah Umm al-Qurā, 2012.
Al-Sharīf, Mundhir bin ‘Abd Allah. Al-Mukhaṭṭaṭ al-Ijrāmī li ‘Ibādah Ummah al-Islām, 1st ed. Egypt: Maktabah ‘Abd al-Raḥmān, 2008.
Al-Shawkānī, Muḥammad bin ‘Alī bin Muḥammad bin ‘Abd Allah. Adab al-Ṭalb wa Muntahā al-Adab, 1st ed, ed. ‘Abd Allah Yaḥyā al-Sarīḥī. Beirut: Dār Ibn Hazm, 1998.
Al-Shawkānī, Muḥammad bin ‘Alī bin Muḥammad bin ‘Abd Allah. Al-Badr al-Ṭāli‘ bi Maḥāsin min ba‘d al-Qarn al-Sābi‘. Beirut: Dār al-Ma‘rifah, n.d.
Al-Ṭabrānī, Sulaymān bin Aḥmad bin Ayyūb bin Maṭīr al-Lakhmī al-Shāmī. Al-Mu‘jam al-Kabīr, 1st ed, ed. Hamdī al-Salafī. Riyadh: Dār al-Ṣamī‘ī, 1994.
Tāhā, Aḥmad. Ḥarb Lubnān wa al-Khaṭar al-Shī‘ī al-Qādim Ru’yah Shar‘iyyah wa Siyāsah. n.p.: Ummatī li al-Nashr al-Iliktarūnī, 2006.
Yūsuf, Muḥammad Bassam. Al-Mashrū‘ al-Īrānī al-Ṣafawī al-Fārisī Muqaddimātuh Aṭārahu Wasā’il al-Taṣaddī lah, 1st ed. n.p: n.p, n.d.
Al-Zaghbī, Muḥammad Jād. Al-Khomeini Kabīruhum al-Ladhī ‘Allamahum al-Siḥr, 1st ed. Wakālah al-‘Izz li al-Di‘āyah wa al-I‘lān, 2010.