MEASUREMENT OF IRON, MANGANESE, COPPER, COBALT AND LEAD TO ASSESS THE EDIBLE FITNESS OF M. CEPHALUS COLLECTED FROM LASBELA (BALOCHISTAN), PAKISTAN, USING ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY

Article Sidebar

PDF
Published: Feb 28, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22452/mjs.vol41no1.4
Keywords:
Atomic absorption spectroscopy; Heavy metals; Mugil cephalus; Muscular tissue; edible fitness; Lasbela coast.

Main Article Content

Fehmeeda Afzal
Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences
Sami ullah
University of Balochistan
Ashraf Nadeem
Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences
Muhammad Aslam
Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences
Muhammad Shafi
Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences
Khalil Hasni
Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences
Abdul Hakeem
Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences
Sonia Tariq
Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences

Abstract

The sea serves as a good source of food. The direct discharge of pollutants into aquatic environments can result in exceeded levels of heavy metals. This can harm the organisms and cause serious health issues when consumed by humans. Mugil cephalus is consumed as food, and its continuous analysis for heavy metals is required for food safety. Some selected metals – namely iron, copper, manganese, cobalt and lead – were evaluated in muscle tissues of Mugil cephalus collected from two major fish landing sites (i.e. Gaddani and Damb) along the Lasbela coast of Balochistan). The concentration of metals was determined using an atomic absorption spectrometer. For this purpose, several digestion methods were used to digest the meat for comparison. Using H2SO4, HNO3 and HClO4 was the most effective method, which is an important analytical finding for future researchers to consider. The concentrations of metals assumed the order of Fe > Cu > Pb > Mn > Co in samples from Gaddani and Fe > Cu > Mn > Pb > Co in samples taken from Damb. Among the metals analyzed, iron levels at Gaddani and Damb were found within the permissible values suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Copper and lead levels were higher than the safe limits in samples from both sites. The estimated daily and weekly metals intake in an average 70 kg person were lower than the limits proposed by the FAO and WHO for all metals. The overall results revealed that the selected fish species is safe for consumption and presents no hazardous effects on human health. However, Gaddani fish Harbor and Damb should be protected from the direct discharge of pollutants, and the future monitoring of M. cephalus fish is required to make sure the edible meat is safe for consumption.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

How to Cite
Afzal, F., ullah, S., Nadeem, A., Aslam, M., Shafi, M., Hasni, K., Hakeem, A., & Tariq, S. (2022). MEASUREMENT OF IRON, MANGANESE, COPPER, COBALT AND LEAD TO ASSESS THE EDIBLE FITNESS OF M. CEPHALUS COLLECTED FROM LASBELA (BALOCHISTAN), PAKISTAN, USING ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY. Malaysian Journal of Science, 41(1), 54–75. https://doi.org/10.22452/mjs.vol41no1.4
Issue
Vol 41 No 1 (2022): February
Section
Original Articles

Transfer of Copyrights

  •  In the event of publication of the manuscript entitled [INSERT MANUSCRIPT TITLE AND REF NO.] in the Malaysian Journal of Science, I hereby transfer copyrights of the manuscript title, abstract and contents to the Malaysian Journal of Science and the Faculty of Science, University of Malaya (as the publisher) for the full legal term of copyright and any renewals thereof throughout the world in any format, and any media for communication.

 

Conditions of Publication

  •  I hereby state that this manuscript to be published is an original work, unpublished in any form prior and I have obtained the necessary permission for the reproduction (or am the owner) of any images, illustrations, tables, charts, figures, maps, photographs and other visual materials of whom the copyrights is owned by a third party.
  • This manuscript contains no statements that are contradictory to the relevant local and international laws or that infringes on the rights of others.
  • I agree to indemnify the Malaysian Journal of Science and the Faculty of Science, University of Malaya (as the publisher) in the event of any claims that arise in regards to the above conditions and assume full liability on the published manuscript.

 

Reviewer’s Responsibilities

  • Reviewers must treat the manuscripts received for reviewing process as confidential. It must not be shown or discussed with others without the authorization from the editor of MJS.
  • Reviewers assigned must not have conflicts of interest with respect to the original work, the authors of the article or the research funding.
  • Reviewers should judge or evaluate the manuscripts objective as possible. The feedback from the reviewers should be express clearly with supporting arguments.
  • If the assigned reviewer considers themselves not able to complete the review of the manuscript, they must communicate with the editor, so that the manuscript could be sent to another suitable reviewer.

 

Copyright: Rights of the Author(s)

  • Effective 2007, it will become the policy of the Malaysian Journal of Science (published by the Faculty of Science, University of Malaya) to obtain copyrights of all manuscripts published. This is to facilitate:
    (a) Protection against copyright infringement of the manuscript through copyright breaches or piracy.   
    (b) Timely handling of reproduction requests from authorized third parties that are addressed directly to the Faculty of Science, University of Malaya.
  • As the author, you may publish the fore-mentioned manuscript, whole or any part thereof, provided acknowledgement regarding copyright notice and reference to first publication in the Malaysian Journal of Science and Faculty of Science, University of Malaya (as the publishers) are given.
    You may produce copies of your manuscript, whole or any part thereof, for teaching purposes or to be provided, on individual basis, to fellow researchers.
  • You may include the fore-mentioned manuscript, whole or any part thereof, electronically on a secure network at your affiliated institution, provided acknowledgement regarding copyright notice and reference to first publication in the Malaysian Journal of Science and Faculty of Science, University of Malaya (as the publishers) are given.
  • You may include the fore-mentioned manuscript, whole or any part thereof, on the World Wide Web, provided acknowledgement regarding copyright notice and reference to first publication in the Malaysian Journal of Science and Faculty of Science, University of Malaya (as the publishers) are given.
  • In the event that your manuscript, whole or any part thereof, has been requested to be reproduced, for any purpose or in any form approved by the Malaysian Journal of Science and Faculty of Science, University of Malaya (as the publishers), you will be informed. It is requested that any changes to your contact details (especially e-mail addresses) are made known.

 

 Copyright: Role and responsibility of the Author(s)

  • In the event of the manuscript to be published in the Malaysian Journal of Science contains materials copyrighted to others prior, it is the responsibility of current author(s) to obtain written permission from the copyright owner or owners.
  • This written permission should be submitted with the proof-copy of the manuscript to be published in the Malaysian Journal of Science  

 

References

References

Adebayo, I.A. (2017). “Determination of heavy metals in water, fish and sediment from Ureje water reservoir”. J. Envir. Analyt. Toxicolo,7(4): 2161-0525.
Agusa, T., Kunito, T., Sudaryanto, A., Monirith, I and kan-Atrieklap, S. (2007). “Exposure assessment for trace elements from consumption of marine fish in Southeast Aisa”. Enviro. Pollut,145: 766-777.
Ahmed, Q., Bat, L., and Yousuf, F., Aricri, E. (2016). “Heavy metals in Achnthopagrusarabicus Iwatsuki, 2013 from Karachi coasts, Pakistan and potential risk of human health”. Int. J. of. Fishe & Aquat. Stud,4(1): 203-208.
Ahmed, Q., Khan, D., and Elahi, N. (2014). “Concentration of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu) in muscles, liver and gills of adult Sardinella albella (Valenciennes, 1847) from Gawadar water of Balochistan Pakistan”. FUUAST. J. Biolo,4(2):195-204.
Alinnor,I.J., and Obiji, I.A. (2010). “Assessment of trace metal composition in fish samples from Nworie River”. Pak. j. Nutr, 9(1): 81-85.
Ang, H., and Lee, K. (2005). “Analysis of mercury in Malaysian herb preprations; a peer-review”. J. Of. Biomedi. Sci, 4(1): 31-36.
Bianchi, G. (1985). “FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide prepared with the support of PAK/77/033 and FAO (FIRM) regular programe, Rome, FAO, 200.
Campbell, K.R. (1994). “Concentrations of heavy metals associated with urban runoff in fish living in stormwater treatment ponds”. Archi. Of. Enviro. Contam. And Toxicol,27: 352-356.
Canli, M., and Atli, G. (2003). “The relationship between heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn) levels and the size of six Mediterranean fish species”. Env. pollu,121: 129-136.
Chan, H.M., Trifonopoulos, M., Ing, A., Receveur, O and Johnson, E. (1999). “Consumption of freshwater fish in Khanawake: Risks and Benefits”. Environ. Res,80(2): 213-222.
Chughtai, M.I. and Mahmood, K. (2012). “Semi-intensive carp culture in saline water-logged area: A multi-location study in Shorkot (District Jhang), Pakistan”. Pak. J. Zool,44:1065-1072.
Clark, R.B., (2001). “Metals. In: Marine pollution”. Oxf. Uni. Pres, 5: 98-125.
Daviglus, M.J., and Sheeshka, E., Murkin. (2002). “Health benefits from eating fish”. Commen. Toxicol,8: 345-275.
Dural, M., Goksu, M., Ozak, A.A., Derici, B. (2006). “Bioaccumulation of some heavy metals in different tissues of Dicentrarchus labrax L. 1758, sparus aurata L, 1758 and mugil cephalus L, 1758 from the Camil lagoon of the eastern coast of Mediterranean Turkey”. Env. Moni. Assess,118; 65-74.
Dural, M., Ziya, M., and Ozak, A. (2007). “Investigation of heavy metal levels in economically important fish species captured from the Tuzla lagoon”. Food chem, 102: 415-421.
Elnabris, K.J., Muzyed, S.K., and El-Asghar, N.M. (2013). “Heavy metal concentration in some commercially important fishes and their contribution to heavy metals exposure in Palestinian people of Gaza strip (Palestine)”. J. Of. Assocu. Of. Ara. Uni. For. Basi. and. Appli. Sci,13: 44-51.
Emsley, J. (2001). “Zinc. Nature's Building Blocks”. An A-Z Guide to the Elements, Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press, 499-505.
EPA. (1999). “National guidance: Guideline for assessing chemical contaminant data for use in fish advisories: risk assessment and fish consumption limits”. US EPA Washington.2(3)
Eustace, I.J. (1974). “Zinc, cadmium, copper and manganese in species of finfish and shellfish caught in the Derwent Estuart, tasmania”. Aus. J. Mar, Freshwat. Res,25: 209-220.
Fahmida, I. (2002). “Mullets of korangi creek karachi”. Rec. Surv. Pak,14; 11-18.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). (1999). “Standards, guideline and legislature regulation concerning metals and their compounds in environment”. 1: 687-711.
FAO, (2010a). “The state of world fisheries and aquaculture”.doi:10.1111/jfb.12187.
FAO. (1983). “Compilation of legal limits for hazardous substances in fish and fishery products. FAO”. Fish. Circ, 464: 5-100.

FAO. (1992). “Committee for Inland Fisheries of Africa Report of the Third Session of the Working Party on Pollution and Fisheries”. Accra. Ghana,

FAO. (2010). “The food consumption refers to the amount of food available for human consumption as estimated by the FAO Food Balance Sheets”.

FAO/WHO, (2004). “Summary of the evaluations performed by thejoint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives (JECFA 1956-2003). International life sciences institute press Washington, DC.DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2024.1044.
Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO). (2006). “Joint FAO/WHO Food StandardsProgramme Codex Committee onFood Additives and Contaminants”. Thirty-eighth Session, The Hague, theNetherlands, 24-28.

Gale, N.L., Adams, C.D., Wixson, B.G., Loftin, K.A., Huang, Y.W. (2004). “Lead, zinc, copper and cadmium in fish and sediments from the Big River and Flat River creek of Missouri” s old lead belt”. Envir. Geochem. Healt,26: 37-49.
Genc, T.O and Yilmaz, F. (2018). “Heavy metals content in water, sediment and Fish (Mugil Cephalus) from Koycegiz Lagoon system in Turkey: Approaches for assessing environmental and health risk”. J. Agr. Sci. Tech,20: 71-82.
Harikumar, P.S., Nasir, U.P., and Rahman, M.P. (2009). “Distribution of heavy metals in the core sediments of a trophical wetland system”. Inter. J. Env. Sci. and Techn,6(2): 225-232.
Hisham, N.W., Adnan, M.A., Hossam. A.Z. (2015). “assessment of heavy metals contamination in the Mediterranena sea along Gaza coast: a case study of Gaza fishing harbor”.
Jaric, I., Visnjic-Jeftic, Z., Cvijanovic, G., Gacic, Z., Jovanovi, L., Skoric, S., & Lenhardt, M. (2011). “Determination of Differential Heavy Metal and Trace Element Accumulation in Liver, Gills, Intestine and Muscle of Sterlet (Acipenser Ruthenus) from the Danube River in Serbia by ICP-OES”. Microchem. J, 98: 77-81.
Khattak, M.I., and Khattak, M.I. (2013). “Evaluation of heavy metals (As and Cd) contamination in the edible fish along Karachi-Makran coast”. Pak. J. Zool,45(1): 219-226.
Kilgour, B. (1999). “Cadmium uptake from cadmium-spiked sediments by four freshwater invertebrates”. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxico,47: 70-75.
Krishna, P.V., Rao, K.M., Swaruparani, V and Rao, D.S. (2014). “Heavy metals concentration in fish Mugilcephalus from Machilipatnam coast and possible health risks to fish consumption”. Briti. Biotech. Jour,4(2): 126-135.
Kucuksezgin, F., Kontas, A., Altay, O., Uluturhan, E., andDarilmaz, E. (2006). “Assessment of marine pollution in Izmir bay: Nutrient, heavy metal and total hydrocarbon concentrations”. Env. Int,32: 41-51.
Malik, Y., Achakzai, W., Muhammad, S., Mustafa, S., Saddozai, S., Qadir, A., Ahmed, N., Ahmed, I. (2016). “Determination of heavy metal concentration in six species of fresh water fish sold in Quetta city, Pakistan”. Pure Appl. Biol,
Mansour, S. A., and Sidky, M. M. (2002). “Heavy metals contaminating water and fish from Fayoum Governorate,Egypt”. Food. Chem,78: 15-22.
Mwangi J.M. (2013). “Determination of concentration of selected heavy metals in Tilapia fish, sediments and water from Mbagathi and Ruiru Athi River tributaried, Kenya”.
Nelson, J.S., (2006). “Fishes of the world. 4th ed, John wiley and sons, Inc, Hoboken, New jersy, USA”. 601.
Odum, W.E. (1970). “Utilization of the direct grazing and plant detritius food chains by the striped mullet Mugil cephalus”. Uni. of Califor. Press Berkely, CA, 222-241.
Prasath, P.M and Khan, T.H. (2008). “Impact of tsunami on the heavy metal accumulation in water, sediments and fish at Poompuhar coast, Southeast coast of India”. E-J. of. Chem,5(1): 16-22.
Rahman, M.S., Molla, A.H., Saha, N., and Rahman, A. (2012). “Study on heavy metals level and its risk assessment in some edible fishes from Bangshi River, savar, dhaka, Bangladesh”. Food. Chem, 134(4): 1847-54.
Rejomon, G., Nair, M., Joseph, T. (2010). “Trace metal dynamics in fishes from the Southwest coast of India”. Environ. Monit. Assess, 167(1-4): 243-255.
Schroeder, H.A. (1965). “Cadmium as a factor in hypertension”. J. Of. Chro. dise,18(7): 647-656
Sivakumar, R., Dhivya, K., Grayson, H and Natesan, M. (2015). “An integrated use of histological and ultra-structural biomarkers in Mugilcephalus for assessing heavy metal pollution in east Berbic-Corentyne, Guyana”. Inter. J. Bioassys,4(11): 4541-4554.
Tawfik, M.S. (2013). “Metals content in the muscle and head of common fish and shrimp from Riyadh market and assessment of the daily intake”. Pak. j. Agri. sci,50(3): 479-486.
Topping, G. (1973). “Heavy metals from Scottish water”. Aquacul,1: 379-384.
USEPA. (1989). “Risk assessment guideline for superfund human health evaluation manual Part A”. Washing. DC. Uni. Stat. Envir. Protec. Agen, 1: 498.
Usha, D and Reddy, M.V. (2013). “Heavy metal bioaccumulation in edible fish species from an industrially polluted river and human health risk assessment”. Arch. Pol. Fish,21: 19-27.
Virtanen, J.K., Tina, H.R., Sari, V., and Tomi-Pekka, T. (2007). “Mercury as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases”. J. Of. Nutri. biochem, 18(12): 75-85.
Waseem, M.P. (2007). “Issues, growth and instability of Inland fresh production in Sindh(Pakistan): Spatial temporal analysis”. Pak. Econo. & Soc. Rev, 45(2): 203-230.
Whitfield, A.K., Panfili, J., and Durand, J.D. (2012). “A global review of the cosmopolitan flathead mullet Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 with emphasis on the biology genetics ecology and fisheries aspects of this apparent species complex”. Rev. Fish. Biol Fishe,22: 641-681.
Whitfield, A.K., Panfili, J., and Durand, J.D. (2012). “A global review of the cosmopolitan flathead mullet Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 with emphasis on the biology genetics ecology and fisheries aspects of this apparent species complex”. Rev. Fish. Biol Fishe,22: 641-681.
WHO (World Health Organization). (1985). “Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality Recommendations”. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
WHO. (1989). “Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants”. Report of the Thirty-Third of the join FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. Techn. Rep. Ser No. 776. Geneva.
WHO. (1996). “Trace elements in human nutrition and health”. ISBN: 92 4 156173 4. Geneva.
WHO. (2000). “Evaluation of certain food additivies and contaminants”. Report of the Fifty-Third of the join FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives Techic. Repor. Serie No. 896. Geneva. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2728.6165.
WHO. (2004). “Evaluation of certain food additivies and contaminants”. Report of the Sixty-First of the join FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives Techic. Repor. Serie No. 922. Geneva. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2024.1044.
Wu, Y., and Chen, J. (2013). ‘Investigating the effect of point source and non-point source pollution on the water quality of the east river (Dongiang) in south China”. Ecolo. Indica, 32: 294-304.
Wuana, R.A., and Okiemen, F.E. (2011). “Heavy metals in contaminated soils: a review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation”. Isrn. Ecol, 2011.
Yi, Y.J., Zhifeng, Y., and Shanghong, Z. (2011). “Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments and human health risk assessmeny of heavy metals in fishes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river basin”. Enviro. Pollut,159: 2575-2585.
Yilmaz, A. (2003). “Levels of heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in tissue of Mugil cephalus and Trachurus mediterraneans frem Iskenderun Bay, Turkey”. Enviro. Res,92: 277-281.
Yilmaz, A.B (2005). “Comparison of heavy metal levels of Grey Mullet (Mugilcephalus) and Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) caught in Iskenderun Bay, Turkey”. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci,29: 257-262.
Zaqoot, A.H., Aish, M.A., Wafi, N.H. (2017). “Baseline concentration of heavy metals in fish collected from Gaza fishing harbor in the Mediterranean Sea along Gaza Coast, Palestine”. Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci, 17: 101-109.
Zehra, I., Kauser, T., Zahir, E., Naqvi, I.I. (2003). “Determination of Cu, cd, Pb and Zn concentration in edible marine fish Acanthopagurusberda (DANDYA) along Baluchistan Coast-Pakistan”. Int. J. Agri. Biol, 5(1): 80-82.
Zhuang, P., Li, Z., Mcbride, M. B., and Zou, B. (2013). “Health Risk Assessment for Consumption of Fish Originating from Ponds Near Dabaoshan Mine, South China”. Enviro. Sci. Pollu.t Res,
Zubia, M., Fariha, M., Shagufta, S., Nosheen, R., Wali, M.A., Nighat, D., Humera, Z., Wajeha, R and Farhat, I. (2015). “Study on copepod parasite, Lernaeenicuslongiventris in Mugilcephalus from Karachi Coast of Pakistan”. Glob. Veter,15(3): 325-327.